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薄膜物理学实验报告薄膜干涉实验报告

作者: 爱可网 时间:2024年04月10日 来源:www.ik35.com

薄膜物理学实验报告薄膜干涉实验报告篇1

  实验一、旋涂法制备薄膜

  一、实验原理

  旋涂法利用仪器高速旋转时产生的离心力使基片上的胶液由中心向四周均匀扩散而形成致密薄膜。实验用到的原料需要提前制备且一般为溶液,实验上常见的是使用溶胶-凝胶法作为薄膜材料的之辈手段,本次实验是使用现成的或制备较为简单的溶液。

  二、材料准备

  (一)实验原料:面粉、鸡蛋清、三级水

  (二)溶液制备

  称取适量的面粉放置烧杯中,加入50mL三级水,搅拌均匀,得到面粉胶体溶液;

  在烧杯中加入适量的鸡蛋清,加入适量三级水,搅拌均匀,得到鸡蛋清胶体溶液。

  三、实验过程

  (一)用玻璃棒沾取胶体溶液涂覆于载玻片上;

  (二)开启真空泵,将载玻片牢牢吸附于匀胶机的样品台上,盖上保护盖;

  (三)根据所用溶液的粘稠度、附着性选择转速和旋转时间,启动匀胶机;

  (四)关闭真空泵,用镊子将载玻片取出,防止到显微镜下观察成膜情况。

  四、注意事项

  在匀胶机运行过程中不宜开启保护盖,溶液应该多次涂覆以保证成膜的质量。

  实验二、提拉法制备薄膜

  浸渍提拉法是将整个洗净的基板浸入预先制备好的溶胶之中,然后以精准控制的均匀速度将基板平稳地从溶胶中提拉出来,在粘度和重力作用下基板表面形成一层均匀的液膜,紧接着溶剂迅速蒸发,于是附着在基板表面的溶胶迅速凝胶化形成一层凝胶膜。

  将配置好的面粉清导入小烧杯;打开镀膜提拉机电源,取一块干净的载玻片用夹具夹住其1/3处;设置提拉机参数,提拉速度设置为20mm/min,提拉高度60mm,浸渍速度为20mm/min,浸渍时间30s镀膜次数设置为四次,镀膜间隔30s,点击

  “开始”按钮,开始镀膜;镀膜完成后取下载玻片,放到显微镜下观察。将面粉清换成液体胶,重复上述过程,获得液体胶薄膜。

  最后将旋涂法及提拉法获得的薄膜基片放到烘箱60℃烘干一个小时取出,得到薄膜样品。

  实验三、层层自组装法制备薄膜

  层层自组装是利用逐层交替沉积的方法,借助各层分子间的弱相互作用(如静电引力、氢键、配位键等),使层与层自发地缔和形成结构完整、性能稳定、具有某种特定功能的分子聚集体或超分子结构的过程。

  (一)实验原料:VB2、胶水、三级水

  (二)实验仪器:傅里叶红外光谱仪、载玻片、烘干机、烧杯、玻璃棒

  (三)VB2加入适量三级水调制成VB2溶液;胶水加入适量三级水制成胶体溶液。

  (一)将载玻片放入傅里叶红外仪测量吸收光谱;

  (二)将载玻片浸渍在VB2溶液中,取出,用烘干机缓慢烘干溶液,进行(一)过程;

  (三)将载玻片浸渍在聚乙烯醇溶液中,取出,用烘干机缓慢烘干溶液,进行(一)过程;

  (四)交替进行(二)(三)过程,以达到层层自组装的目的。

  四、层层自组装实验数据处理及结果分析

  数据处理利用Excel处理合成,由下图15层薄膜的图像可以看出,以空白组作为对比,发现第一层VB2和第二层曲线和其他层有很大不同,且这两组曲线有一部分呈现负吸光度,推测这是因为分子排列散乱导致薄膜未成型。从第三层开始,我们可以明显看到随着薄膜层数增加,吸光度呈现线性增长的趋势。根据朗伯—比尔定律,在同一组分下,各组分吸光度具有加和性,即

  这与实验获得图像比较符合。图像分析我们可以看到在360nm到530nm出出现一个矮宽峰,说明该组装薄膜主要吸收该范围的光,此范围后吸光度逐渐下降。从曲线看,谱线不是特别平滑,有些许小尖峰(这里排除Abs1、2),我猜测是分子振动引起微扰,产生噪声,最终导致谱线出现小尖峰。

  图1

  层层自组装图像

  图2

  VB2图像

  图3

  液体胶图像

  观察图2,在波数为880处薄膜的透过率随着镀膜层数的增加而提高,其他波数范围均为镀膜层数越多,薄膜透过率越低,说明制得的该薄膜对于有波长约为10mm左右的远红外线有良好的透过性。

薄膜物理学实验报告薄膜干涉实验报告篇2

  电容

  1、电容在电路中一般用“C”加数字表示(如C13表示编号为13的电容)。电容是由两片金属膜紧靠,中间用绝缘材料隔开而

  组成的元件。电容的特性主要是隔直流通交流。电容容量的大小就是表示能贮存电能的大小,电容对交流信号的阻碍作用称

  为容抗,它与交流信号的频率和电容量有关。

  容抗XC=1/2πf c(f表示交流信号的频率,C表示电容容量)

  电话机中常用电容的种类有电解电容、瓷片电容、贴片电容、独石电容、钽电容和涤纶电容等。

  2、识别方法:电容的识别方法与电阻的识别方法基本相同,分直标法、色标法和数标法3种。电容的基本单位用法拉(F)表

  示,其它单位还有:毫法(mF)、微法(uF)、纳法(nF)、皮法(pF)。

  其中:1法拉=103毫法=106微法=109纳法=1012皮法

  容量大的电容其容量值在电容上直接标明,如10 uF/16V

  容量小的电容其容量值在电容上用字母表示或数字表示

  字母表示法:1m=1000 uF 1P2=1.2PF 1n=1000PF

  数字表示法:一般用三位数字表示容量大小,前两位表示有效数字,第三位数字是倍率。如:102表示10×102PF=1000PF 224表示22×104PF=0.22 uF3、电容容量误差表

  表2 电容容量误差表

  符号FGJKLM

  允许误差 ±1% ±2% ±5% ±10% ±15% ±20%

  如:一瓷片电容为104J,表示容量为0.1 uF、误差为±5%。

  薄膜电容的种类可以从原理上分为:有感和无感;从材料上可以分为:CBB电容(聚乙烯),涤纶电容。

  各种电容的优缺点及用途

  无感CBB电容

  制作工艺: 2层聚丙乙烯塑料和2层金属箔交替夹杂然后捆绑而成。

  优点: 无感,高频特性好,体积较小

  缺点: 不适合做大容量,价格比较高,耐热性能较差。

  用途:耦合/震荡,音响,模拟/数字电路,高频电源滤波/退耦

  有感CBB电容

  制作工艺: 2层聚乙烯塑料和2层金属箔交替夹杂然后捆绑而成。

  优点: 有感,高频特性好,体积较小

  用途:耦合/震荡,模拟/数字电路,电源滤波/退耦

  薄膜电容

  其结构和纸质电容相似,但用聚酯,聚苯乙烯等低损耗塑料材作介质,频率特性好,介电损耗小,不能做成大容量,耐热能力差,用于滤波器、积分电路、振荡电路、定时电路等。

  (1)聚酯(涤纶)电容(CL)

  电容量:40p-4u

  额定电压:63-630V

  主要特点:小体积,大容量,耐热耐湿,稳定性差。

  用于:对稳定性和损耗要求不高的低频电路。

  (2)聚苯乙烯电容(CB)

  电容量:10p-1u

  额定电压:100-30KV

  主要特点:稳定,低损耗,体积较大。

  用于:对稳定性和损耗要求较高的电路。

  (3)聚丙烯电容(CBB)

  电容量:1000p-10u

  额定电压:63-2000V

  主要特点:性能与聚苯乙烯相似,但是体积小,稳定性略差。

  用于:代替大部分聚苯乙烯或云母电容,用于要求较高的电路。

  塑料薄膜电容器Plastic Film Capacitor

  种类 Polyester 聚乙烯

  Metallized Polyester 金属化聚乙烯

  Polystrene 聚乙脂

  电容值范围 0.001-0.47uf / 0.01-10uf / 100-10000pf

  额定电压范围 50/100/200/400V 50/100/250/400/630V 50/100/125/250/500V 容值误差范围 J, K, M / G, J, K / K(>0.01uf),M(0.01uf),M(

  温度范围-40℃--+85℃-40℃--+85℃-40℃--+85℃

  损失角(1KHz)

  Withstand Voltage 250 % Rated Voltage DC 2000V / 1Sec。DC 2000V / 1Sec。Inductive / 代号 No,PPN / PPS(Hi-Voltage)No / MP No / MPX(X2 Cap。)Across the line cap。

薄膜物理学实验报告薄膜干涉实验报告篇3

  薄膜物理学实验报告| | 薄膜干涉实验报告

  实验 1、旋涂法制备薄膜 1、实验原理旋涂法利用仪器高速旋转时产生的离心力使基片上的胶液由中心向 4 周均匀分散而构成致密薄膜。实验用到的原料需要提早制备且 1 般为溶液,实验上常见的是使用溶胶-凝胶法作为薄膜材料的之辈手段,本次实验是使用现成的或制备较为简单的溶液。

  2、材料准备(1)实验原料:面粉、鸡蛋清、3 级水(2)溶液制备称取适当的面粉放置烧杯中,加入 50mL3 级水,搅拌均匀,得到面粉胶体溶液;在烧杯中加入适当的鸡蛋清,加入适当 3 级水,搅拌均匀,得到鸡蛋清胶体溶液。

  3、实验进程(1)用玻璃棒沾取胶体溶液涂覆于载玻片上;(2)开启真空泵,将载玻片牢牢吸附于匀胶机的样品台上,盖上保护盖;(3)根据所用溶液的黏稠度、附着性选择转速和旋转时间,启动匀胶机;(4)关闭真空泵,用镊子将载玻片取出,避免到显微镜下视察成膜情况。

  4、注意事项在匀胶机运行进程中不宜开启保护盖,溶液应当屡次涂覆以保证成膜的质量。

  实验 2、提拉法制备薄膜 1、实验原理浸渍提拉法是将全部洗净的基板浸入预先制备好的溶胶当中,然后以精准控制的均匀速度将基板安稳地从溶胶中提拉出来,在粘度和重力作用下基板表面构成 1 层均匀的液膜,紧接着溶剂迅速蒸发,因而附着在基板表面的溶胶迅速凝胶化构成 1 层凝胶膜。

  2、材料准备(1)实验原料:面粉、鸡蛋清、3 级水(2)溶液制备称取适当的面粉放置烧杯中,加入 50mL3 级水,搅拌均匀,得到面粉胶体溶液;在烧杯中加入适当的鸡蛋清,加入适当 3 级水,搅拌

  均匀,得到鸡蛋清胶体溶液。

  3、实验进程将配置好的面粉清导入小烧杯;打开镀膜提拉电机源,取 1 块干净的载玻片用夹具夹住其 1/3 处;设置提拉机参数,提拉速度设置为 20mm/min,提拉高度 60mm,浸渍速度为 20mm/min,浸渍时间 30s 镀膜次数设置为 4 次,镀膜间隔 30s,点击“开始”按钮,开始镀膜;镀膜完成后取下载玻片,放到显微镜下视察。将面粉清换成液体胶,重复上述进程,取得液体胶薄膜。

  最后将旋涂法及提拉法取得的薄膜基片放到烘箱 60℃烘干 1 个小时取出,得到薄膜样品。

  实验 3、层层自组装法制备薄膜 1、实验原理层层自组装是利用逐层交替沉积的方法,借助各层份子间的弱相互作用(如静电引力、氢键、配位键等),使层与层自发地缔和构成结构完全、性能稳定、具有某种特定功能的份子聚集体或超份子结构的进程。

  2、材料准备(1)实验原料:VB2、胶水、3 级水(2)实验仪器:傅里叶红外光谱仪、载玻片、烘干机、烧杯、玻璃棒(3)VB2 加入适当 3 级水调制成 VB2 溶液;胶水加入适当 3 级水制成胶体溶液。

  3、实验进程(1)将载玻片放入傅里叶红外仪丈量吸收光谱;(2)将载玻片浸渍在 VB2 溶液中,取出,用烘干机缓慢烘干溶液,进行(1)进程;(3)将载玻片浸渍在聚乙烯醇溶液中,取出,用烘干机缓慢烘干溶液,进行(1)进程;(4)交替进行(2)(3)进程,以到达层层自组装的目的。

  4、层层自组装实验数据处理及结果分析数据处理利用 Excel 处理合成,由下图 15 层薄膜的图象可以看出,以空白组作为对照,发现第 1 层 VB2 和第 2 层曲线和其他层有很大不同,且这两组曲线有 1部份显现负吸光度,推测这是由于份子排列散乱致使薄膜未成型。从

  第 3 层开始,我们可以明显看到随着薄膜层数增加,吸光度显现线性增长的趋势。根据朗伯—比尔定律,在同 1 组分下,各组分吸光度具有加和性,即这与实验取得图象比较符合。图象分析我们可以看到在360nm 到 530nm 出出现 1 个矮宽峰,说明该组装薄膜主要吸收该范围的光,此范围后吸光度逐步降落。从曲线看,谱线不是特别平滑,有些许小尖峰(这里排除 Abs1、2),我猜想是份子振动引发微扰,产生噪声,终究致使谱线出现小尖峰。

  图 1 层层自组装图象图 2VB2 图象图 3 液体胶图象视察图 2,在波数为 880 处薄膜的透过率随着镀膜层数的增加而提高,其他波数范围均为镀膜层数越多,薄膜透过率越低,说明制得的该薄膜对有波长约为 10mm 左右的远红外线有良好的透过性。

薄膜物理学实验报告薄膜干涉实验报告篇4

  薄膜流研究进展

  班级:机械工程专硕1班 学号:6160805020 姓名:程帅

  摘要:液体在重力作用下以薄层形式沿壁面向下流动,称为液体薄膜流。它具有小流量、小温差、高传热传质系数、高热流密度、结构简单、动力消耗小等独特优点,己作为一项高效传热传质技术在化工、能源、航天、石油、制冷、电子等许多工业领域得到了广泛应用。本文介绍了非牛顿流体层流降膜流、新型薄膜覆盖材料、薄膜流涎机。正是由于实际应用的重要性和迫切性,在液体薄膜流的水动力过程和传热传质特性力一面,近几十年来开展了大量的深入研究。本文通过全面阐述液体薄膜流动和传热特性的研究现状,分析目前研究中存在的问题与不足,为未来研究提供借鉴。

  关键词:液体薄膜流、非牛顿流薄膜流、新型薄膜覆盖材料、薄膜流涎机

  1.液体薄膜流表面特征

  对于液膜沿倾斜壁或垂直管壁向下流动的情形,从实验上观察到三种不同的流动状态:当Re=4T/v1000~2000,流动呈波动性剧烈的紊流。在工业应用的雷诺数范围内,降膜呈现出非常不规则的波动表面。对于波峰高度是底层厚度两倍以上,且其周围存在至少一个波长长度的平坦部分的波,称之为孤立波,如图1所示。它起始于粘性底层,具有陡峭的波前和相对平缓的波后,在波后逐渐没入粘性底层。对于波幅是其底层厚度2}5倍的大波,其携带着大部分流动质量,对波内、波与壁面、波与外界的传热传质速率,起着明显的控制作用。一般说来,界面处的波动会在膜内、特别是 在接近界面处将产生良好的混合。实验测量表明,紊流对动量传递的影响与波动的影响相比要小一些。

  (a)波峰高度/底层厚度=2.8(b)波峰高度/底层厚度=3.68 图1不同波峰高度/底层厚度比下的流动特性,R=600

  大多数模拟结果显示:在孤立波内存在与主流方向相反的回流区,而在其周围的微波内不存在回流区(图1)。回流区的存在,加快了界面处和膜内冷热流体的混合,在一定程度上加强了传热效果,而且,液体表面波的存在,尤其是大孤立波,可有效地喇氏平均液膜厚度,。这些特征可以从理论上解释在波动膜状态下具有强传热传质速率的机理。

  2、非牛顿流薄膜流

  2.1非牛顿流体层流降膜流

  非牛顿流体层流降膜流中质量传递过程。实验系采用温壁塔测定二氧化碳在高分子水溶液中吸收速率。这些溶液符合幂律模型。实验证明非牛顿幂律流体降膜流中考虑速度分布的微分方程精确解是正确的;对拟塑性流体,用无因次长度Z

  首先,理论研究方面,液膜表面波动具有三维特征,在传热特性的理论研究中,通常假设液膜为二维流动,且表面无波动和界面切应力保持不变,这与实际的三维波动液膜表面和沿流动方向不断减小的切应力存在一定的差距;而且,影响传热特性的因素种类繁多,如何从理论上进一步完善物理模型有待探讨。其次,实验研究方面,目前所得液膜厚度和传热特性实验关联式间相差较大,实验数据 相对缺乏,建立合理的简化的物理模型或寻求适合工程应用的实验关联式,这也值得进一步深入研究。

  2.2流延带的材料

  最早用以制造流延带的材料是纯铜。纯铜有良好的延展性,有利于加工成无端带;铜带在使用过程中的变形可用辊压法展平。因纯铜对一般成膜溶液不具有良好的化学稳定性,同时铜带表面的光洁度和平面度不够高,不适于直接在其表面上流延薄膜,而需先在其表面上流延一定厚度的镜面层,在此镜面层上再流延薄膜。镜面层只能使用一定的期限,这样就增加了生产过程的复杂性,又降低了设备的生产能力。虽然如此,由于镜面层的质量改进和用期的延长,仍可见到使用铜带的报道。目前广泛使用的流延带是不锈钢无端带。薄膜和塑料工业的发展要求提高流延带的物理和化学性能。用以制造流延带的不锈钢材应有高的机械强度和硬度(抗拉强度9(Y一100kg/mm2,表面硬度Hd300^-320),以保证在正常操作张力下不产生变形并且有高的抗擦伤能力;应能易于加工,使之达到镜面光洁度;同时对于成膜溶液应有高度的稳定性。18/8型不锈钢的某些品种(例如AISI304冷轧带材)可以满足这些要求。经过特殊机械加工制成的不锈钢流延带,可达到高度的厚度均一性和获得峰到谷的平均高度值小于0.1微米的镜面。因此,可以直接在这样的带的表面上流延薄膜。国外还制造纯镍带。镍具有高的腐蚀抵抗力,亦不需要中间层,物料可直接在其表面上流延。

  牛顿型流体薄膜流中的物质传递与热传递在吸收器、蒸馏塔、薄膜反应器、蒸发器以及吸收式致冷机中的广泛应用,已为人们所熟知。近年来发现,非牛顿流体薄膜流中的传质和反应对于高分子加工、发酵液、生物制药等领域,其潜在的应用也十分广泛。特别是扩散系数的测定,由于非牛顿流体只有在其流动受剪的情况下才显示其特性,所以,一般的非流动情况下扩散系数的测定技术似乎难以利用。因此,对非牛顿薄膜流中的传质和传热加以研究就显得十分必要。

  3.薄膜流的应用

  新型薄膜覆盖材料的研究和开发是我国设施农业的重要研究方向。根据我国的国情,为满足市场需求,本文在国内首次提出采用日产的明净华涂层薄膜作为我国设施农业的保温覆盖材料。基于材料本身多方面优异性能,研究其在国内设施农业方面的应用前景。通过对新型薄膜覆盖材料的性能分析及其应用效果的研究,在理论和实践两方面加以验证。理论上推论出其具有良好的保温效果,并在后面的应用效果中得到证实。在应用效果上,只对棚内种植番茄 2 的叶数、株高、茎粗、产量、果实等进行了测试和比较分析,作物生长受到光照、温度、水分、肥料、空气等影响。实验在尽量保持温、光、水、肥等基本一致的条件下对作物生长进行对比,在作物的生长阶段里可以较明显的看出日产的明净华涂层膜下的作物长势好、产量高、品质好等华盾棚膜次之。总之,日产的明净华涂层膜在环境特性、光学特性及应用效果等各方面都具有较好的性能,基本上满足市场的需求,为解决目前我国设施农业存在的问题提出一种新的解决方法。

  薄膜流涎机是生产包装薄膜的主要生产设备。随着国民经济的高速发展,人们对包装薄膜的需求越来越旺盛,要求也越来越高,这就促使薄膜流涎机生产企业必须高效、高质量地开发、生产符合客户要求的薄膜流涎机。薄膜流涎机模块化参数化设计技术研究,就是利用当前最先进的模块化设计技术并结合参数化CAD设计技术解决薄膜流涎机快速开发设计的问题,提高企业竞争力。现如今的设计,首先对薄膜流涎机模块化参数化设计进行了需求分析,在此基础上,制定了适合薄膜流涎机模块化参数化设计系统的总体方案,并搭建了薄膜流涎机模块化参数化设计系统的框架;然后根据模块化设计的基本原则和方法,并结合薄膜流涎机的功能以及自身结构特点,建立了以固定模块、通用模块和一般模块为基本单元模块,以功能模块为高级单元模块的层次分明的模块结构体系,建立了基本的三维模块库;根据薄膜流涎机自身零部件设计的要求和特点,提出了适合其零部件的参数化设计方法,并以薄膜流涎机收卷机为例,详细介绍了收卷机中各个零部件的参数化设计计算流程,完成了收卷机的参数化设计计算;最后以Visual Basic为二次开发工具,利用SolidWorks的二次开发技术并结合Access数据库,开发出了薄膜流涎机收卷机参数化设计系统。经实例运行可知,此系统可以快速实现收卷机的三维建模,提高设计效率,有较强的实际应用价值。

  4.薄膜流国外研究现状

  A new approximate analytical technique to address for non-linear problems, namely Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method(OHAM)is proposed and has been applied to thin film flow of a fourth grade fluid down a vertical cylinder。This approach however, does not depend upon any small/large parameters in comparison to other perturbation method。This method provides a convenient way to control the convergence of approximation series and allows adjustment of convergence regions where necessary。The series solution has been developed and the recurrence relations are given explicitly。The results reveal that the proposed method is very accurate, effective and easy to use。the unsteady thin film flow of a fourth grade fluid over a moving and oscillating vertical belt。The problem is modeled in terms of non-nonlinear partial differential equations with some physical conditions。Both problems of lift and drainage are studied。Two different techniques namely the adomian decomposition method(ADM)and the optimal homotopy asymptotic method(OHAM)are used for finding the analytical solutions。These solutions are compared and found in excellent agreement。For the physical analysis of the problem, graphical results are provided and discussed for various embedded flow parameters。The thermally activated flux flow effect has been studied in epitaxial FeSe 0.6 Te 0.4 thin film grown by a PLD method through the electrical resistivity measurement under various magnetic fields for B //c and B //ab。The results showed that the thermally activated flux flow effect is well described by the nonlinear temperature-dependent activation energy。The evaluated apparent activation energy U 0(B)is one order larger than the reported results and showed the double-linearity in both magnetic field directions。Furthermore, the FeSe 0.6 Te 0.4 thin film shows the anisotropy of 5.6 near T c and 2D-like superconducting behavior in thermally activated 3 flux flow region。In addition, the vortex glass transition and the temperature dependence of the high critical fields were determined。We report the design methodology of thin film capacitor(TFC)device using thermal evaporation technique for quality study or material differentiation application by testing with liquid(different concentration)and solid。A simple and special modification was incorporated in thermal evaporation setup for depositing semi cylindrical capacitor design on a capillary tube(CT)。In order to avoid the disturbance due to electrostatic noise disturbance, TFC was covered with another glass tube, aluminum(Al)metal foil(as shield)and finally by plastic tube cover。Electrodes were taken from the film using silvers paste and connected as input to the LCR-Z meter。The capacitance value of the thin film was varied up to 15-16 pF from the initial value(Al: 129 pF, Cu: 130 pF)when subjected to the static flow。A low cost embedded micro controller module with Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)was developed for the real time testing of TFC。We present results of a numerical study of turbulent droplet-laden channel flow with phase transition。Previous studies of the same system did not take into account the presence of gravity。Here, we do so introducing a thin film of water at the bottom wall and permitting droplets to fall into and merge with it。We treat the carrier phase with the Eulerian approach。Each droplet is considered separately in the Lagrangian formulation, adopting the point-particle approximation。We maintain the film thickness constant by draining water from the bottom wall to compensate for(a)the droplets that fall onto the film and(b)evaporation/condensation。We also maintain on average the total mass of water in the channel by inserting new droplets at the top wall to compensate for the water that has been drained from the bottom wall。We analyze the behavior of the statistically averaged gas and droplet quantities focusing on the heat exchange between the two phases。We increase(a)the initial droplet diameter keeping the same initial droplet volume fraction and(b)the initial number of droplets in the channel keeping their diameter the same。In both parameter studies we find that droplets grow less than in the reference case。In case(a)this is explained by the larger velocity with which they travel to the bottom wall and in case(b)by the lower rate of condensation of vapor due to the presence of neighboring droplets。And we presents an investigation for unsteady MHD flow and radiation heat transfer of a nanofluid in a finite thin film over stretching surface in which the effects of heat generation, thermophoresis and Brownian motion are taken into account。Boundary layer governing differential equations are formulated and reduced into a set of ordinary differential equations by suitable similarity transformations。Solutions are obtained numerically and some interesting results are found。Results show that the film thickness decreases monotonically with unsteady parameter and the magnetic parameter increase but increases with the power law index number m。The temperature profile decreases while the nanoparticle volume fraction increases as the thermophoresis parameter increases。More effects of involved parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration fields are graphically presented and analyzed in detail。Electrophoretic deposition(EPD)of colloidal nanocrystals(NCs)under flow is explored as a general method for the fabrication of semiconducting thin films。For photovoltaic applications, a low process voltage is highly desirable to avoid damaging the accreting semiconductor。Here we report a continuous flow reactor design that can operate at reduced voltage compared to a traditional batch reactor while preserving the electrophoretic velocity of the NCs by utilizing narrow electrode spacing。In a batch reactor, the low ratio of reactor volume to electrode surface area dictated by such a narrow spacing of the electrodes would impose a limit on the mass of nanocrystals that are resident in the reactor and therefore the thickness of the films that can be deposited。By continuously flowing the colloidal dispersion of NCs this limitation is obviated and thick films can be deposited。Through modeling and experiment we demonstrate the process parameters necessary to completely utilize the NCs in the feed solution, thereby achieving nearly 100% atom economy in the deposition process。The reactor design is compatible with large area substrates and is specifically designed to enable continuous, high-rate fabrication of the active layer of photovoltaic cells。The approach to calculating a new form of the exact analytic solution of thin film fluid flows rests upon a sequence of transformations including the modification of the classic technique due to Scipione del Ferro and Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia。Next the authors establish a lemma that justifies the new expression of the exact analytic solution for thin film fluid flows of fourth-grade fluids。Second, the authors apply a modification of the systematic ADM to quickly and easily calculate the sequence of analytic approximate solutions for this strongly nonlinear model of thin film flow of fourth-grade fluids。The ADM has been previously demonstrated to be eminently practical with widespread applicability to frontier problems arising in scientific and engineering applications。Herein, the authors seek to establish the relative merits of the ADM in the context of the thin film flows of fourth-grade fluids。;The ADM is shown to closely agree with the new expression of the exact analytic solution。The authors have calculated the error remainder functions and the maximal error remainder parameters in the error analysis to corroborate the solutions。The error analysis demonstrates the rapid rate of convergence and that we can approximate the exact solution as closely as we please;furthermore the rate of convergence is shown to be approximately exponential, and thus only a low-stage approximation will be adequate for engineering simulations as previously documented in the literature。;This paper presents an accurate work for solving thin film flows of fourth-grade fluids。The authors have compared the approximate analytic solutions by the ADM with the new expression of the exact analytic solution for this strongly nonlinear model。The authors commend this technique for more complex thin film fluid flow models。Evaporation in a thin film induces pronounced temperature gradient and surface tension gradient along the liquid-vapor interface and in turn engenders thermocapillary flow。This study aims to investigate the fluid flow characteristics attributed to the thermocapillarity in an evaporating thin liquid film of polar and nonpolar liquids。A numerical steady-flow model is derived based on the fundamental principles of fluid flow and heat transfer by applying the long-wave evolution technique。To scrutinize the underlying physical transport phenomena associated with the significance of thermocapillary effect in an evaporating thin liquid film, we investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of thermocapillary convection which is typically characterized by the recirculation flow patterns。The two-dimensional recirculation flow patterns in different excess-temperature regimes are analyzed and a critical turning point at where the flow is reversed due to the thermocapillary action can be identified。Compared to other working fluids, water depicts a unique thermocapillary flow characteristic where its flow lines manifests in the form of swirls along the liquid-vapor interface。The normal and the shear stress distributions further provide a clearer picture on the strength of thermocapillarity to identify the manifestation of thermocapillary flow。The analysis of flow patterns and hydrodynamic behaviors of evaporating thin liquid films provide essential insights in discerning the occurrence of thermocapillary flow as well as the significance of thermocapillarity in polar and nonpolar liquids。The purpose of this paper is to study the thin film flow of a fourth grade fluid subject to slip conditions in order to understand its velocity profile。Design/methodology/approach。An exact expression for flow velocity is derived in terms of hyperbolic sine functions。The practical usage of the exact flow velocity is restrictive as it involves very complicated integrals。Therefore, an approximate solution is also derived using a Galerkin finite element method and numerical error analysis is performed。Findings – The behavior of fluid velocity with respect to various flow parameters is discussed。The results are not restrictive to small values of flow parameters unlike those obtained earlier using homotopy analysis method and homotopy perturbation method。Originality/value – An approximate solution based on finite element technique is derived。总结

  液体薄膜流以其高传热传质系数、结构简单且动力消耗小等独特优点,已作为一项高效传热传质技术在传统工业和高新技术领域中得到了广泛的应用。现已成为国际传热传质科学与工程界的一个十分活跃的研究领域,其潜在的技术应用领域将非常广泛。而且,近年来,利用液体薄膜流的特性来解决高技术领域中遇到的高热流密度下的强化换热问题,越来越引起人们的关注,这方面的实例有:大规模集成电路的薄膜冷却、第二代核电站安全壳的薄膜蒸发冷却方案、液滴辐射器以及新型太阳能集热器、液膜除尘器等。显然,要充分发挥液体薄膜强化传热传质的优势,一个至关重要的问题就是要弄清其内在的流动过程和传热传质机理,维持薄膜流动稳定,使之均匀地包覆在传热表面;否则一旦液体薄膜发生破断,传热表面出现干斑或干区,那么就会引发各种各样的严重后果,诸如热敏性物料变味变质、非热敏性物料结焦、以至堵塞传热管,而在有些情况下,传热表面就会因干区温度急剧上升而过热或烧毁。本文对非牛顿薄膜流中物质与热能传递的规律性,寻求其浓度分布表达式以及局部和平均Sh数的理论值,然后再与实验数据相互对照、并介绍了薄膜流在工业上的应用,目前己取得了大量的研究成果,并得到了广泛的工业应用。但在有些方面,所得的认识规律尚不统一,因此仍需深入研究。

  参考文献

  [1]。液体薄膜流的流动和传热特性

  阎维平;叶学民;李洪涛 华北电力大学学报 2005-01-30 [2]。液体薄膜流稳定性和破断特性的研究进展

  叶学民;阎维平华北电力大学学报 2006-11-30 [3]。非牛顿流体薄膜流中传质和传热的理论研究

  江体乾;黄德成;瞿谷仁化工学报 1982-05-01 [4]。非牛顿流体薄膜流中质量传递的实验研究

  江体乾;褚家瑛;徐英农 化工学报 1984-08-28 [5]。薄膜流延带及其应用

  詹绍源 感光材料 1984-06-29

  [6]。新型薄膜覆盖材料的性能分析及其应用效果的研究

  李胜战 西北农林科技大学 2009-05-01 [7]。薄膜流涎机模块化参数化设计技术研究

  林元华 南京理工大学 2011-12-01 [8]。壁面薄膜流的热质传递和稳定性研究

  叶学民 华北电力大学(河北)2002-07-01 [9]。全自动精密薄膜流延机的设计方案

  林伟强 机电工程技术 2001-12-30

  [10]。Optimal homotopy asymptotic method with application to thin film flowVasile Marinca;Nicolae Herişanu;

  Iacob Nemes De Gruyter2008 [11]。Unsteady thin film flow of a fourth grade fluid over a vertical moving and oscillating beltTaza Gul;Fazle Ghani;S。Islam;R。A。Shah;I。Khan;Saleem Nasir;S。Sharidan;爱思唯尔期刊2015 [12]。Thermally activated flux flow in superconducting epitaxial FeSe 0.6 Te 0.4 thin filmD。Ahmad;W。J Choi;Y。I。Seo;Sehun Seo;Sanghan Lee;Yong Seung Kwon

  爱思唯尔期刊2016 [13]。Design of Thin Film Capacitive Sensor for Flow MeasurementK。J。Kumaresh;P。Deepak Raj;M。Sridharan;爱思唯尔期刊2016 [14]。Influence of H 2 flow ratio on the photoelectric properties of hydrogenated AZO thin films with embedded silver layerGenghua Yan;Ye Yuan;Wenli Chen;Ruijiang Hong;

  Materials Letters2016 [15]。Heat transfer in droplet-laden turbulent channel flow with phase transition in the presence of a thin film of waterA。Bukhvostova;J。G。M。Kuerten;B。J。Geurts;International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow2016 [16]。Unsteady MHD flow and radiation heat transfer of nanofluid in a finite thin film with heat generation and thermophoresisJing Li;Liancun Zheng;Lin Liu;Bandar Bin-Mohsin

  Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers2016 [17]。Thin films of copper indium selenide fabricated with high atom economy by electrophoretic deposition ofnanocrystals under flowAndrew D。Dillon;Long Le Quoc;Mustafa Goktas;Borirak Opasanont;Subham Dastidar;Shawn Mengel;Jason B。Baxter;Aaron T。Fafarman2016 [18]。Exact and approximate analytic solutions of the thin film flow of fourth-grade fluids by the modified Adomian decomposition methodLazhar Bougoffa;Jun-Sheng Duan;Randolph Rach International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow2016 [19]。A hydrodynamic analysis of thermocapillary convection in evaporating thin liquid filmsElaine Lim;Yew Mun Hung;Boon Thong TanInternational Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer2016 Hanifa Hanif;Abdul WahabInternational Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow2015

  [20]。Numerical study of a thin film flow of fourth grade fluidAmer Rasheed;Rab Nawaz;Sohail Ahmed Khan;

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